TB1 Module 1- Multiple Choice
1.	Using scientific procedures to test whether watching violent movies increases the frequency of emotionally upsetting dreams best illustrates	
A)	functionalism.	
B)	Freudian psychology.	
C)	an empirical approach.	
D)	positive psychology.	

2.	Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are	
A)	pride, enthusiasm, and ingenuity.	
B)	ingenuity, practicality, and certainty.	
C)	certainty, creativity, and curiosity.	
D)	curiosity, skepticism, and humility.	

3.	Rodesia insists that Dr. Phillips' theory of aggression be checked against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the scientific attitude of	
A)	pride.	
B)	skepticism.	
C)	practicality.	
D)	enthusiasm.	

4.	The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to	
A)	avoid multiple levels of analysis.	
B)	reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested.	
C)	recognize the errors in our own ideas.	
D)	respect political beliefs that contradict our own.	

5.	Reasoning that does not blindly accept available arguments and conclusions illustrates	
A)	introspection.	
B)	critical thinking.	
C)	the psychodynamic perspective.	
D)	an empirical approach.	

6.	Critical thinking most clearly involves	
A)	a biopsychosocial approach.	
B)	introspection.	
C)	evaluating evidence.	
D)	the psychodynamic perspective.	

7.	A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	critical thinking.	
C)	introspection.	
D)	Freudian psychology.	

8.	Melinda expressed concerns as to whether the wording of the questions in a life satisfaction survey may have encouraged respondents to convey unusually positive levels of well-being. Melinda's concerns best illustrated	
A)	introspection.	
B)	an empirical approach.	
C)	critical thinking.	
D)	the neuroscience perspective.	

9.	Questioning whether conclusions are warranted by the existing evidence best illustrates	
A)	critical thinking.	
B)	functionalism.	
C)	the biopsychosocial approach.	
D)	introspection.	

10.	When you question the claim that hypnosis helps people to recall memories more accurately, you are most clearly demonstrating	
A)	introspection.	
B)	the neuroscience perspective.	
C)	an empirical approach.	
D)	critical thinking.	

11.	Aristotle suggested the source of our personality is the	
A)	brain.	
B)	throat.	
C)	heart.	
D)	stomach.	

12.	Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of	
A)	animal intelligence.	
B)	personality development.	
C)	social influence.	
D)	mental processes.	

13.	The birth of psychology is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt because he pioneered the investigation of mental processes using	
A)	a biopsychosocial perspective.	
B)	an evolutionary perspective.	
C)	positive psychology.	
D)	scientific methods.	

14.	The early school of thought that used introspection to reveal the mind's makeup was called	
A)	cognitive neuroscience.	
B)	behaviorism.	
C)	structuralism.	
D)	evolutionary psychology.	

15.	Introspection was the basic research tool used by ________ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images.	
A)	John B. Watson	
B)	Charles Darwin	
C)	Edward Titchener	
D)	B. F. Skinner	

16.	Looking inward and reporting your immediate sensations, images, and feelings is called	
A)	cognitive neuroscience.	
B)	introspection.	
C)	behaviorism.	
D)	humanistic psychology.	

17.	Research participants are asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. This research involves a technique known as	
A)	behavior genetics.	
B)	psychoanalysis.	
C)	behaviorism.	
D)	introspection.	

18.	The unreliability of ________ led to the waning popularity of structuralism.	
A)	introspection	
B)	behavior genetics	
C)	behaviorism	
D)	humanistic psychology	

19.	William James was a prominent American	
A)	psychoanalyst.	
B)	behaviorist.	
C)	functionalist.	
D)	psychiatrist.	

20.	Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the	
A)	adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors.	
B)	component elements of sensory experience.	
C)	disruptive effects of unconscious motives.	
D)	treatment of psychological disorders.	

21.	Which theorist most clearly influenced William James' efforts to understand the adaptive functions of thinking and consciousness?	
A)	John B. Watson	
B)	Sigmund Freud	
C)	Carl Rogers	
D)	Charles Darwin	

22.	Edward Titchener is to structuralism as William James is to ________.	
A)	behaviorism	
B)	humanistic psychology	
C)	cognitive neuroscience	
D)	functionalism	

23.	Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?	
A)	Jean Piaget	
B)	Margaret Floy Washburn	
C)	Rosalie Rayner	
D)	Mary Whiton Calkins	

24.	Early psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James focused on the study of	
A)	mental processes.	
B)	clinical psychology.	
C)	unconscious motives.	
D)	conditioned responses.	

25.	Beginning in the 1920s, American psychologists such as John B. Watson emphasized the study of	
A)	genetic influences.	
B)	self-esteem.	
C)	conscious thoughts and feelings.	
D)	observable behavior.	

26.	The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	cognitive neuroscience.	
C)	humanistic psychology.	
D)	positive psychology.	

27.	Behaviorists dismissed the value of	
A)	science.	
B)	introspection.	
C)	neuroscience.	
D)	applied research.	

28.	Observing and recording people's behavior as they are conditioned was of most central interest to	
A)	Freudian psychology.	
B)	humanistic psychology.	
C)	behaviorism.	
D)	structuralism.	

29.	Early behaviorists such as John B. Watson would have considered the introspective study of self-esteem to be	
A)	applied research.	
B)	a positive psychology.	
C)	an unscientific method.	
D)	a biopsychosocial approach.	

30.	John B. Watson is to Edward Titchener as ________ is to ________.	
A)	biology; environment	
B)	observable behavior; inner sensations	
C)	mental illness; psychiatry	
D)	cognitive perspective; psychodynamic perspective	

31.	Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes?	
A)	evolutionary psychology	
B)	Freudian psychology	
C)	behavior genetics	
D)	behaviorism	

32.	Sherry is often overly generous in sacrificing her time to help others. Her friend suggests that by keeping busy in this way Sherry avoids confronting her own unconscious conflicts. Her friend's suggestion illustrates the type of explanation that is most typical of	
A)	evolutionary psychology.	
B)	cognitive neuroscience.	
C)	structuralism.	
D)	Freudian psychology.	

33.	Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow promoted a historically significant approach known as	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	humanistic psychology.	
C)	cognitive neuroscience.	
D)	behavior genetics.	

34.	Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's	
A)	childhood memories.	
B)	genetic predispositions.	
C)	unconscious thought processes.	
D)	potential for growth.	

35.	Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of	
A)	conscious and unconscious mental activity.	
B)	observable responses to the environment.	
C)	behavior and mental processes.	
D)	maladaptive and adaptive behaviors.	

36.	Smiling is to feeling as ________ is to ________.	
A)	evolution; natural selection	
B)	behavior; mental process	
C)	conscious; unconscious	
D)	nurture; nature	

37.	The young science of psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and	
A)	economics.	
B)	biology.	
C)	geography.	
D)	sociology.	

38.	The personality theorist Sigmund Freud was an Austrian	
A)	chemist.	
B)	physician.	
C)	theologian.	
D)	politician.	

39.	One of the last century's most influential observers of children was the Swiss biologist	
A)	Edward Bradford Titchener.	
B)	Margaret Floy Washburn.	
C)	William James.	
D)	Jean Piaget.	

40.	Today's psychology is best described as increasingly	
A)	introspective in its methods.	
B)	psychodynamic it its perspective.	
C)	globalized in its influence.	
D)	controversial in its application.	

41.	In the 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of	
A)	mental processes.	
B)	hereditary influences.	
C)	unconscious motives.	
D)	learned behaviors.	

42.	The scientific study of mental activities associated with perceiving, processing, and remembering information is most central to	
A)	clinical psychology.	
B)	humanistic psychology.	
C)	evolutionary psychology.	
D)	cognitive psychology.	

43.	Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between	
A)	natural selection and genetic predispositions.	
B)	childhood memories and psychological disorders.	
C)	thought processes and brain functions.	
D)	philosophy and physiology.	

44.	Investigating patterns of brain activity that accompany people's recollections of a stressful experience would be of most direct interest to the specialty area known as	
A)	behavior genetics.	
B)	cognitive neuroscience.	
C)	evolutionary psychology.	
D)	functionalism.	

45.	The nature–nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits.	
A)	introspection and nerve cell activity	
B)	unconscious and conscious motives	
C)	behavior and mental processes	
D)	genes and experience	

46.	Innate ability is to learned skill as ________ is to ________.	
A)	observation; introspection	
B)	psychology; psychiatry	
C)	nature; nurture	
D)	behavior; mental processes	

47.	Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding	
A)	structuralism and functionalism.	
B)	conscious and unconscious thought.	
C)	observation and introspection.	
D)	nature and nurture.	

48.	Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her friends who recently moved from Nigeria and those who moved from Thailand result primarily from biological influences or from cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of	
A)	neuroscience and cognition.	
B)	nature and nurture.	
C)	behavior and mental processes.	
D)	conscious and unconscious thoughts.	

49.	Plato's assumption that we inherit character traits and intelligence is most directly relevant to the controversy regarding	
A)	conscious and unconscious thoughts.	
B)	observation and introspection.	
C)	nature and nurture.	
D)	basic and applied research.	

50.	In the context of debates over the origins of psychological traits, nature is to nurture as	
A)	Plato is to Aristotle.	
B)	Watson is to Skinner.	
C)	Aristotle is to Plato.	
D)	Skinner is to Watson.	

51.	Professor McClure believes that young children are frequently able to make morally correct decisions because humans are endowed with an inborn knowledge of basic ethical principles. The professor's belief is most consistent with the views of	
A)	Aristotle.	
B)	Plato.	
C)	John B. Watson.	
D)	B. F. Skinner.	

52.	Who is best known for highlighting the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits?	
A)	Plato	
B)	Aristotle	
C)	Edward Titchener	
D)	Charles Darwin	

53.	Charles Darwin attempted to explain the ________ that he encountered.	
A)	unconscious thought processes	
B)	species variation	
C)	biopsychosocial approach	
D)	cognitive neuroscience	

54.	The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as	
A)	functionalism.	
B)	natural selection.	
C)	behavior genetics.	
D)	structuralism.	

55.	Natural selection refers to the principle that variations in _________ that contribute to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.	
A)	learned habits	
B)	inherited traits	
C)	levels of analysis	
D)	cultural practices	

56.	Exploring how we humans are alike because of our common biology and evolutionary history is the focus of	
A)	cognitive neuroscience.	
B)	community psychology.	
C)	behavior genetics.	
D)	evolutionary psychology.	

57.	Exploring how we humans are diverse because of our differing genes and environments is the focus of	
A)	behavior genetics.	
B)	cognitive psychology.	
C)	evolutionary psychology.	
D)	humanistic psychology.	

58.	By suggesting that nurture works on what nature endows, psychologists highlight the fact that we are biologically endowed with a capacity for	
A)	inborn ideas.	
B)	natural selection.	
C)	introspection.	
D)	learning and adaptation.	

59.	The enduring traditions, attitudes, ideas, and behaviors shared by a large group of people constitute their	
A)	culture.	
B)	levels of analysis.	
C)	behavior genetics.	
D)	community psychology.	

60.	The transmission of customs for showing respect to those in positions of authority best illustrates the importance of	
A)	functionalism.	
B)	culture.	
C)	introspection.	
D)	behavior genetics.	

61.	Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for	
A)	promoting structuralism.	
B)	inhibiting introspection.	
C)	discerning human similarities and differences.	
D)	encouraging natural selection.	

62.	The risk of being color deficient is greater for men than for women. This best illustrates an important	
A)	conditioned response.	
B)	psychodynamic perspective.	
C)	empirical approach.	
D)	gender difference.	

63.	Psychological differences between the genders are	
A)	of little interest to contemporary psychologists.	
B)	simply reflections of biological differences between the sexes.	
C)	no longer evident in contemporary Western societies.	
D)	far outweighed by gender similarities.	

64.	Depression and suicide are more common in today's North American culture than they were in the very different North American culture of nearly a century ago. But in both the past and the more recent cultural settings, pessimistic thinking and feelings of loneliness corresponded to a heightened risk of depression and suicide. This best illustrates that ________ often underlie cultural differences in behavior.	
A)	genetic differences	
B)	unconscious motives	
C)	early childhood memories	
D)	common psychological processes	

65.	Discovering and promoting human strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive is the major focus of	
A)	the psychodynamic perspective.	
B)	positive psychology.	
C)	evolutionary psychology.	
D)	behavior genetics.	

66.	Different accounts of the same behavior that together give us a more complete understanding represent different	
A)	cognitive functions.	
B)	unconscious motives.	
C)	levels of analysis.	
D)	natural selections.	

67.	The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of	
A)	the psychodynamic perspective.	
B)	introspection.	
C)	humanistic psychology.	
D)	multiple levels of analysis.	

68.	Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the complexity of Janna's difficulties requires	
A)	introspection.	
B)	psychoanalysis.	
C)	positive psychology.	
D)	a biopsychosocial approach.	

69.	The biopsychosocial approach incorporates different levels of analysis, which	
A)	have little value for applied research.	
B)	typically contradict common sense.	
C)	are generally impossible to test scientifically.	
D)	complement one another.	

70.	The neuroscience perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by	
A)	environmental circumstances.	
B)	blood chemistry.	
C)	unconscious conflicts.	
D)	subjective interpretations.	

71.	Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	behavioral	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	neuroscience	

72.	Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a ________ perspective on depression.	
A)	neuroscience	
B)	psychodynamic	
C)	behavior genetics	
D)	cognitive	

73.	Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits?	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	cognitive	
C)	behavioral	
D)	social-cultural	

74.	Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of  lust and rage are inherited?	
A)	cognitive	
B)	behavioral	
C)	evolutionary	
D)	social-cultural	

75.	Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference promoted the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.	
A)	social-cultural	
B)	cognitive	
C)	evolutionary	
D)	psychodynamic	

76.	Which perspective studies the relative contributions of our genes and our environment on our individual differences?	
A)	cognitive	
B)	behavior genetics	
C)	social-cultural	
D)	psychodynamic	

77.	Professor Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on sexual preferences and behavior patterns. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the ________ perspective.	
A)	behavior genetics	
B)	psychodynamic	
C)	behavioral	
D)	cognitive	

78.	The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on	
A)	natural selection.	
B)	brain chemistry.	
C)	unconscious conflicts.	
D)	learned behaviors.	

79.	Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective.	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	behavioral	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	behavior genetics	

80.	Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	neuroscience	
C)	behavioral	
D)	behavior genetics	

81.	Akira believes that her son has become a good student because he is frequently praised for his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective.	
A)	behavior genetics	
B)	neuroscience	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	behavioral	

82.	The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how	
A)	feelings are influenced by blood chemistry.	
B)	people try to understand their own unconscious motives.	
C)	behavior is influenced by environmental conditions.	
D)	people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.	

83.	Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?	
A)	behavioral	
B)	cognitive	
C)	neuroscience	
D)	behavior genetics	

84.	Which psychological perspective is most likely to be concerned with identifying the powers and the limits of human reasoning?	
A)	cognitive	
B)	behavioral	
C)	neuroscience	
D)	behavior genetics	

85.	Which perspective in psychology is most likely to focus on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	neuroscience	
C)	cognitive	
D)	social-cultural	

86.	Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different parenting styles are encouraged among various ethnic groups?	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	psychodynamic	
C)	social-cultural	
D)	neuroscience	

87.	Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being a member of a street gang. Her account best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.	
A)	behavior genetics	
B)	social-cultural	
C)	neuroscience	
D)	evolutionary	

88.	Studies conducted for the sake of building psychology's base of knowledge are most clearly examples of	
A)	behavior genetics.	
B)	introspection.	
C)	basic research.	
D)	positive psychology.	

89.	Dr. Robinson conducts research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent?	
A)	social psychology	
B)	clinical psychology	
C)	biological psychology	
D)	industrial-organizational psychology	

90.	Dr. Santaniello conducts research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.	
A)	social	
B)	clinical	
C)	developmental	
D)	industrial-organizational	

91.	Dr. Caleigh conducts research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a _________ psychologist.	
A)	cognitive	
B)	biological	
C)	clinical	
D)	social	

92.	Dr. Roberts studies how best to assess individual differences in traits such as impulsiveness and sociability. Which specialty area does her research best represent?	
A)	social psychology	
B)	biological psychology	
C)	industrial-organizational psychology	
D)	personality psychology	

93.	Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent?	
A)	cognitive psychology	
B)	social psychology	
C)	developmental psychology	
D)	clinical psychology	

94.	Which psychologists are MOST likely to be involved in applied research?	
A)	industrial-organizational psychologists	
B)	developmental psychologists	
C)	personality psychologists	
D)	biological psychologists	

95.	Dr. Lipka focuses on ways to improve employee job satisfaction and productivity. Dr. Lipka is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.	
A)	clinical	
B)	developmental	
C)	personality	
D)	industrial-organizational	

96.	Dr. Vazquez helps people make career choices by assisting them in identifying their strengths and interests. Dr. Vazquez is most likely a	
A)	biological psychologist.	
B)	counseling psychologist.	
C)	cognitive psychologist.	
D)	social psychologist.	

97.	Clinical psychologists specialize in	
A)	constructing surveys.	
B)	animal research.	
C)	providing therapy to troubled people.	
D)	providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders.	

98.	For no apparent reason, Adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be best for Adam to contact a ________ psychologist.	
A)	developmental	
B)	clinical	
C)	personality	
D)	biological	

99.	The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a	
A)	clinical psychologist.	
B)	personality psychologist.	
C)	developmental psychologist.	
D)	psychiatrist.	

100.	Rather than seeking to change people to fit their environments, ________ work to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all.	
A)	counseling psychologists	
B)	cognitive psychologists	
C)	community psychologists	
D)	clinical psychologists	

Answer Key

1.	C	
2.	D	
3.	B	
4.	C	
5.	B	
6.	C	
7.	B	
8.	C	
9.	A	
10.	D	
11.	C	
12.	D	
13.	D	
14.	C	
15.	C	
16.	B	
17.	D	
18.	A	
19.	C	
20.	A	
21.	D	
22.	D	
23.	D	
24.	A	
25.	D	
26.	A	
27.	B	
28.	C	
29.	C	
30.	B	
31.	B	
32.	D	
33.	B	
34.	D	
35.	C	
36.	B	
37.	B	
38.	B	
39.	D	
40.	C	
41.	A	
42.	D	
43.	C	
44.	B	
45.	D	
46.	C	
47.	D	
48.	B	
49.	C	
50.	A	
51.	B	
52.	D	
53.	B	
54.	B	
55.	B	
56.	D	
57.	A	
58.	D	
59.	A	
60.	B	
61.	C	
62.	D	
63.	D	
64.	D	
65.	B	
66.	C	
67.	D	
68.	D	
69.	D	
70.	B	
71.	D	
72.	A	
73.	A	
74.	C	
75.	C	
76.	B	
77.	A	
78.	C	
79.	C	
80.	C	
81.	D	
82.	D	
83.	B	
84.	A	
85.	D	
86.	C	
87.	B	
88.	C	
89.	C	
90.	C	
91.	A	
92.	D	
93.	B	
94.	A	
95.	D	
96.	B	
97.	C	
98.	B	
99.	D	
100.	C	

TB1 Module 1- Web Quiz 1
1.	By testing their predictions with the observational methods of science, psychologists are most clearly relying on	
A)	the psychodynamic perspective.	
B)	an empirical approach.	
C)	introspection.	
D)	a biopsychosocial approach.	

2.	When Leanne read a news report that drinking orange juice triggers hyperactivity in children, she questioned whether the children's behavior had been assessed using scientifically appropriate methods. Leanne's reaction best illustrated	
A)	a biopsychosocial approach.	
B)	the psychodynamic perspective.	
C)	critical thinking.	
D)	introspection.	

3.	The early school of psychology that used introspection to reveal the mind's makeup was known as	
A)	psychiatry.	
B)	behaviorism.	
C)	evolutionary psychology.	
D)	structuralism.	

4.	Edward Titchener was concerned primarily with the study of	
A)	sensory experiences.	
B)	psychological disorders.	
C)	inherited traits.	
D)	social relationships.	

5.	Compared with the structuralists, early behaviorists were much less likely to focus on the study of	
A)	smiling.	
B)	screaming.	
C)	fighting.	
D)	thinking.	

6.	The scientific study of behavior without reference to mental processes was of special interest to	
A)	Edward Titchener.	
B)	William James.	
C)	Sigmund Freud.	
D)	B. F. Skinner.	

7.	Professor Schroeder argues that children have an innate concept of justice that enables them to distinguish between fair and unfair rules. This argument is most consistent with the views of	
A)	Aristotle.	
B)	Plato.	
C)	B. F. Skinner.	
D)	John B. Watson.	

8.	Debates as to whether the excessive use of alcohol is biologically determined or culturally influenced are most relevant to the issue of	
A)	nature and nurture.	
B)	observation and introspection.	
C)	behavior and mental processes.	
D)	structuralism and functionalism.	

9.	An integrated explanation of human behavior provided by the neuroscience, cognitive, social-cultural, and other perspectives in psychology is most clearly provided by	
A)	structuralism.	
B)	behaviorism.	
C)	the psychodynamic perspective.	
D)	a biopsychosocial approach.	

10.	Understanding why the fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors is most relevant to the ________ perspective.	
A)	behavioral	
B)	cognitive	
C)	evolutionary	
D)	psychodynamic	

11.	Which perspective would be most helpful for understanding the role of repeated practice on the long-term retention of information?	
A)	psychodynamic	
B)	social-cultural	
C)	cognitive	
D)	behavior genetics	

12.	Inherited traits are to learned habits as the ________ perspective is to the ________ perspective.	
A)	behavioral; social-cultural	
B)	evolutionary; behavioral	
C)	social-cultural; neuroscience	
D)	neuroscience; evolutionary	

13.	Basic research on persistent human traits like optimism and pessimism is most characteristic of the specialty known as ________ psychology.	
A)	biological	
B)	personality	
C)	social	
D)	developmental	

14.	Professor Thurstone investigates whether a teacher's negative perceptions of some students can affect the students' test scores. Professor Thurstone is most likely a ________ psychologist.	
A)	clinical	
B)	social	
C)	biological	
D)	personality	

Answer Key

1.	B	
2.	C	
3.	D	
4.	A	
5.	D	
6.	D	
7.	B	
8.	A	
9.	D	
10.	C	
11.	C	
12.	B	
13.	B	
14.	B	

TB1 Module 1- Web Quiz 2
1.	Assessing the extent to which the predicted behavioral benefits of using a new therapeutic intervention are confirmed by scientific observation best illustrates	
A)	functionalism.	
B)	the psychodynamic perspective.	
C)	introspection.	
D)	an empirical approach.	

2.	Checking on the credibility of the sources of information you use in a class report is most indicative of	
A)	a biopsychosocial approach.	
B)	critical thinking.	
C)	introspection.	
D)	functionalism.	

3.	To study inner sensations, images, and feelings, Edward Titchener engaged people in self-reflective	
A)	psychoanalysis.	
B)	introspection.	
C)	positive psychology.	
D)	psychiatry.	

4.	Which early school of psychology was most clearly focused on understanding the adaptive value of complex mental processes?	
A)	structuralism	
B)	behaviorism	
C)	psychiatry	
D)	functionalism	

5.	The historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential was known as	
A)	Freudian psychology.	
B)	cognitive neuroscience.	
C)	structuralism.	
D)	humanistic psychology.	

6.	The suggestion that psychology is less a set of facts than a method of evaluating ideas best highlights the ________ character of psychology.	
A)	naturalistic	
B)	humanistic	
C)	scientific	
D)	introspective	

7.	A study of the relationship between reasoning capacities and brain functions would be of most direct interest to	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	humanistic psychology.	
C)	cognitive neuroscience.	
D)	the psychodynamic perspective.	

8.	In debating the origins of human traits, Plato and Aristotle disagreed about the relative importance of	
A)	basic and applied research.	
B)	nature and nurture.	
C)	behavior and mental processes.	
D)	structuralism and functionalism.	

9.	The importance of inherited behavioral traits was most clearly highlighted by	
A)	Aristotle.	
B)	Charles Darwin.	
C)	John B. Watson.	
D)	B. F. Skinner.	

10.	Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the links between hormone levels and sexual motivation?	
A)	behavioral	
B)	cognitive	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	neuroscience	

11.	Professor Reed attempts to assess the relative contributions of heredity and home environment to children's susceptibility to depression. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ perspective.	
A)	psychodynamic	
B)	behavior genetics	
C)	cognitive	
D)	behavioral	

12.	Focusing on the extent to which personality is influenced by motives outside our own awareness is most relevant to the ________ perspective.	
A)	neuroscience	
B)	behavioral	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	social-cultural	

13.	The marriage rituals of different ethnic groups are of most relevance to the ________ perspective.	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	social-cultural	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	cognitive	

14.	Professor Helms conducts basic research on the progressive changes in infants' perceptual skills during the first year of life. Professor Helms is most likely a ________ psychologist.	
A)	social	
B)	clinical	
C)	personality	
D)	developmental	

15.	Dr. Stevens provides psychotherapy to people who suffer from excessive anxiety. Dr. Stevens is most likely a ________ psychologist.	
A)	social	
B)	developmental	
C)	clinical	
D)	cognitive	

Answer Key

1.	D	
2.	B	
3.	B	
4.	D	
5.	D	
6.	C	
7.	C	
8.	B	
9.	B	
10.	D	
11.	B	
12.	C	
13.	B	
14.	D	
15.	C	

TB1 Module 1- Essay
1.	Julie, a physics major, has difficulty believing that psychology is a science, because people cannot observe other people's thoughts and sensations. Explain how Edward Titchener and John B. Watson would have responded to Julie's skepticism regarding psychology's scientific status.	

2.	Jack is a second-grade student. He seems to have no interest in learning, often daydreaming in class and frequently disrupting the class by throwing objects at other students. Describe how a biopsychosocial approach might provide both an integrated explanation of Jack's classroom behavior and practical suggestions for helping Jack to cope more effectively with the challenges he faces.	

3.	Kathy does not want to become a psychologist because she has no interest in analyzing emotionally disturbed people. Use your knowledge of psychology's perspectives and subfields to expand Kathy's limited understanding of career opportunities for psychologists.	

Answer Key

1.		
2.		
3.		

TB2 Module 1- Multiple Choice
1.	Psychologists attempt to let the facts speak for themselves by using an approach that is best described as	
A)	empirical.	
B)	psychodynamic.	
C)	introspective.	
D)	clinical.	

2.	Using scientific methods to investigate the claim that an optimistic outlook on life improves people's physical health best illustrates	
A)	a psychodynamic perspective.	
B)	an empirical approach.	
C)	behavior genetics.	
D)	functionalism.	

3.	As scientists, psychologists adopt an attitude of skepticism because they believe that	
A)	people are unlikely to reveal what they are really thinking.	
B)	most commonsense ideas about human behavior are wrong.	
C)	claims about human behavior need to be supported with evidence.	
D)	people usually have ulterior motives for acting.	

4.	Heather claims that her dreams accurately predict future events. Her sister, however, insists that Heather's belief needs to be empirically tested. Heather's sister best illustrates the scientific attitude of	
A)	pride.	
B)	skepticism.	
C)	practicality.	
D)	introspection.	

5.	When psychologists insist that “the rat is always right,” they are emphasizing the scientific attitude of	
A)	humility.	
B)	respect for animals.	
C)	curiosity.	
D)	skepticism.	

6.	Critical thinkers can best be described as	
A)	questioning.	
B)	cynical.	
C)	pessimistic.	
D)	impatient.	

7.	A refusal to consider potential evidence that might conflict with one's preconceived ideas best illustrates a lack of	
A)	a psychodynamic perspective.	
B)	critical thinking.	
C)	culture.	
D)	introspection.	

8.	One of your professors has used observational evidence to justify a cause-effect conclusion. Questioning the validity of drawing this conclusion from the evidence best illustrates	
A)	critical thinking.	
B)	a biopsychosocial approach.	
C)	Freudian psychology.	
D)	introspection.	

9.	The first psychological laboratory was established by	
A)	John Watson.	
B)	Wilhelm Wundt.	
C)	Sigmund Freud.	
D)	Jean Piaget.	

10.	One of the earliest schools of thought in psychology was	
A)	psychiatry.	
B)	structuralism.	
C)	cognitive neuroscience.	
D)	humanistic psychology.	

11.	Which school of psychology attempted to identify the basic elements of the mind?	
A)	structuralism	
B)	functionalism	
C)	behaviorism	
D)	psychoanalysis	

12.	Edward Titchener trained people to report elements of their experience and promoted a school of thought known as	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	structuralism.	
C)	functionalism.	
D)	humanistic psychology.	

13.	Structuralism used a method known as ________ to reveal the basic elements of the mind.	
A)	conditioned responding	
B)	positive psychology	
C)	introspection	
D)	psychoanalysis	

14.	Edward Titchener used the method of introspection to identify	
A)	inherited traits.	
B)	maladaptive behaviors.	
C)	unconscious motives.	
D)	sensory experiences.	

15.	Research participants who carefully observe and report their immediate thoughts and feelings in response to different musical sounds are using the method known as	
A)	critical thinking.	
B)	psychoanalysis.	
C)	introspection.	
D)	natural selection.	

16.	Which research method waned in popularity because its results varied when the technique was used by different people?	
A)	empiricism	
B)	introspection	
C)	behavior genetics	
D)	critical thinking	

17.	The early school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes enable us to adapt and survive was called	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	structuralism.	
C)	behavior genetics.	
D)	functionalism.	

18.	The early school of psychology known as functionalism was promoted by	
A)	Wilhelm Wundt.	
B)	William James.	
C)	John B. Watson.	
D)	Carl Rogers.	

19.	William James was primarily concerned with the _______ of the mind.	
A)	functions	
B)	elements	
C)	disorders	
D)	biological origins	

20.	Which early school of thought in psychology would have been most interested in exploring the adaptive value of our human capacity for self-awareness?	
A)	behaviorism	
B)	behavior genetics	
C)	structuralism	
D)	functionalism	

21.	Functionalism is to structuralism as ________ is to Edward Titchener.	
A)	Carl Rogers	
B)	B. F. Skinner	
C)	William James	
D)	John B. Watson	

22.	The pioneering memory researcher Mary Whiton Calkins was denied the ________ Ph.D. degree she had earned under the mentorship of _________.	
A)	University of Leipzig; Wilhelm Wundt	
B)	Radcliffe College; John B. Watson	
C)	Harvard University; William James	
D)	Cornell University; Edward Titchener	

23.	The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology later wrote an influential book, The Animal Mind. Her name was	
A)	Mary Whiton Calkins.	
B)	Rosalie Rayner.	
C)	Margaret Floy Washburn.	
D)	Jean Piaget.	

24.	Who dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”?	
A)	Watson and Skinner	
B)	Freud and James	
C)	Wundt and Titchener	
D)	Rogers and Maslow	

25.	Early behaviorists such as John B. Watson would have been LEAST likely to encourage research that focused on	
A)	maladaptive eating habits.	
B)	the meaning of frightening dreams.	
C)	effective parenting techniques.	
D)	crime-deterring legal practices.	

26.	The value of introspection was most clearly dismissed by	
A)	Freudian psychologists.	
B)	functionalists.	
C)	structuralists.	
D)	behaviorists.	

27.	B. F. Skinner was a prominent American	
A)	psychiatrist.	
B)	behaviorist.	
C)	cognitive neuroscientist.	
D)	structuralist.	

28.	Investigating whether a dog could be conditioned to bark when it detected the odor of a specific narcotic drug would have been of most direct interest to the school of thought known as	
A)	functionalism.	
B)	structuralism.	
C)	behaviorism.	
D)	Freudian psychology.	

29.	The study of inner thoughts and feelings is to the study of observable behavior as Edward Titchener is to	
A)	John B. Watson.	
B)	William James.	
C)	Sigmund Freud.	
D)	Wilhelm Wundt.	

30.	The mind's defenses against its own unconscious wishes and impulses were of special interest to	
A)	John B. Watson.	
B)	Charles Darwin.	
C)	Sigmund Freud.	
D)	B. F. Skinner.	

31.	Humanistic psychologists such as ________ emphasized people's growth potential.	
A)	Wundt and Titchener	
B)	Freud and James	
C)	Rogers and Maslow	
D)	Watson and Skinner	

32.	Which school of thought in the 1960s most clearly emphasized the importance of satisfying our needs for love and acceptance?	
A)	behaviorism	
B)	functionalism	
C)	evolutionary psychology	
D)	humanistic psychology	

33.	The science of behavior and mental processes is called	
A)	functionalism.	
B)	natural selection.	
C)	behaviorism.	
D)	psychology.	

34.	In exploring human behavior, contemporary psychologists rely most heavily on	
A)	introspection.	
B)	psychoanalysis.	
C)	natural selection.	
D)	scientific methods.	

35.	Behavior is to mental processes as ________ is to ________.	
A)	nature; nurture	
B)	sensation; memory	
C)	talking; understanding	
D)	clinical psychology; psychiatry	

36.	Psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and biology. For example, ________ was an American philosopher and ________ was an Austrian physician.	
A)	Wilhelm Wundt; Ivan Pavlov	
B)	William James; Sigmund Freud	
C)	B. F. Skinner; John B. Watson	
D)	Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers	

37.	Wilhelm Wundt was both a	
A)	psychoanalyst and psychiatrist.	
B)	physiologist and philosopher.	
C)	sociologist and psychiatrist.	
D)	theologian and philosopher.	

38.	Ivan Pavlov pioneered the study of	
A)	learning.	
B)	perception.	
C)	personality.	
D)	mental illness.	

39.	The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activities such as perception, memory, and language is called	
A)	levels of analysis dilemma.	
B)	structuralism-functionalism debate.	
C)	cognitive neuroscience controversy.	
D)	nature–nurture issue.	

40.	Angie wonders whether her calm and relaxed personality style was learned or inherited. Angie's concern is most directly relevant to the issue of	
A)	observation and introspection.	
B)	behavior and mental processes.	
C)	nature and nurture.	
D)	the conscious mind and the unconscious mind.	

41.	Do psychological differences between men and women result from biological influences or social influences? This question most clearly involves a debate over the issue of	
A)	conscious and unconscious thought.	
B)	observation and introspection.	
C)	behavior and mental processes.	
D)	nature and nurture.	

42.	In the context of debates regarding the origins of knowledge, Aristotle is to ________ as Plato is to ________.	
A)	mind; body	
B)	structuralism; functionalism	
C)	introspection; behaviorism	
D)	nurture; nature	

43.	Which philosopher concluded that certain ideas were inborn?	
A)	Aristotle	
B)	Plato	
C)	Skinner	
D)	Watson	

44.	Professor Kim